Enduring Work: Experiences with Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program

Over the past 10 years, Catherine Connelly, Professor, Human Resources & Management, and Research Chair of Organizational Behavior at the DeGroote School of Business, has researched the working relationships between temporary foreign workers and Canadian employees.

In her new book Enduring Work: Experiences with Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program, Connelly draws on over one hundred interviews with people connected to different aspects of the program, analyzing their experiences from the perspective of organizational behaviour and human resources management.

We sat down with her to discuss the Temporary Foreign Worker program and her new book.

What is the Temporary Foreign Worker program?

The Temporary Foreign Worker program is an enormous program. If you look at last year alone, about 220,000 temporary foreign workers came to Canada – that’s more than the population of Prince Edward Island.

There are actually four mainstreams in the Temporary Foreign Worker program and their experiences tend to be quite different.

1. Agricultural workers in the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP)
2. In-home caregivers
3. Low-wage workers
4. High-wage workers

Does this program help to address labor shortages in the country?

There’s mixed evidence about that. Most agricultural businesses would not survive without these workers, they really depend on them. Hospitality, tourism, industrial butchers – it’s almost impossible to imagine these industries with zero temporary foreign workers.

Over the years, we saw an explosion in the number of low wage workers who came under the Temporary Foreign Worker program. This went from a fairly limited program to huge numbers, especially in restaurants and fast food.

People really started questioning, do we need to hire people from overseas to do these jobs? Are there not qualified Canadians? So, there’s quite a bit of a backlash against the expansion in this program that led to some restrictions in different regions – if the unemployment rate is a certain level, then you wouldn’t be allowed to hire these workers. And then we’ve had a steady state of high-wage workers coming under the Temporary Foreign Worker program and these are usually workers with fairly specialized skills.

What are some of the issues or concerns these workers face?

Many temporary foreign workers who come are excellent workers. They have a lot of experience, really well trained and they’re often more than a little bit overqualified for the work that they’re doing. When they show up, maybe their job is you’re supposed to only do this, but actually they’re expected to do this and that and the other thing and you have to do it at night and I’m not going pay you for your overtime, or holiday pay or any of these extra things.

What would you say is the biggest challenge for participants in this program?

I’d say the biggest challenge for employers is how slow the program is. Everyone I spoke to said this is the slowest program you could ever imagine. And it was very difficult for them to use.

And then for the workers, the biggest thing is the closed work permits. I have had terrible jobs. Everybody I know has had at least a few terrible jobs. But you quit those jobs, right?

What is a closed work permit?

A closed work permit ties the employee to that particular employer. To use the program, the employer has to submit a successful application for what’s known as an LMIA, a labour market impact assessment. It costs $1,000. It’s pages of paperwork and they have to show that no qualified Canadians will do this, and to create a plan for when the temporary foreign worker is done what will they do.

A temporary foreign worker can only work for them. If they don’t like it, they can’t just quit on the spot and work for the competitor across the street. Employers like it because it feels like a guaranteed worker, especially if they’re in a high turnover industry, like hospitality, tourism, restaurants, where people do quit all the time.

What is an open work permit?

An open work permit, that’s what people have in pretty much all of the other foreign worker programs in Canada. So for example, the International Mobility program usually it’s people with a university degree who are coming from a country that has a free trade agreement with Canada. They come and they work at this job and that’s great.

And if that job doesn’t work out, they can work somewhere else if they can find another job and then that’s it.

Does the Temporary Foreign Worker program need to be cancelled, or can it be fixed?

When I first heard about the Temporary Foreign Worker program, I thought just cancel it. But there’s so many problems with it and there’s so many Canadians who need work.

So just cancel the program and it’ll sort itself out somehow. In looking back, I think that is a bit naive to think that would work just because so many businesses rely on these workers.

I think all the tinkering they’ve been doing with the program has not really solved much of the underlying issues with the program.

You have a new book called Enduring Work – can you tell us a little bit about the significance of the phrase ‘Enduring Work’?

The book is named Enduring Work for two reasons.

On one hand, it’s to emphasize that this work is enduring. The work is not temporary. Many of these so-called temporary workers, they have come to Canada for several years. It’s not a very short one-off work like this is, and when a temporary foreign worker leaves, they are often replaced by another temporary foreign worker.

Learn more in this infographic: Can the Temporary Foreign Worker program be saved?

Catherine Connelly

Professor, Human Resources & Management, and Research Chair of Organizational Behavior

Dr. Catherine Connelly holds a Canada Research Chair (Tier 2) in Organizational Behaviour, and is a Member Emeritus of the College of New Scholars of the Royal Society of Canada (RSC). She is a former associate editor for Human Relations and currently serves on several editorial boards including the Journal of Organizational Behavior, Human Resource Management Review, the Academy of Management Discoveries journal, and Human Resource Management.

Her research focuses on the attitudes, behaviours, and experiences of non-standard workers (e.g., temporary agency workers, contractors, temporary foreign workers), the effects of leadership styles on leader well-being, and knowledge hiding in organizations. Catherine also conducts applied research with several Canadian organizations in both the private and non-profit sector.